THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ASKED ON PREVIOUS EXAMS. THIS PRACTICE EXAM IS MEANT TO ASSIST YOU IN PREPARING FOR THE EXAM. DO NOT ASSUME THAT THE QUESTIONS HERE REPRESENT THE ENTIRE SCOPE OF THE TOPICS THAT WILL BE ON THE EXAM. CONSULT THE LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR THE COMPLETE LIST OF EXAM TOPICS.

1. Prozac is a commonly prescribed antidepressant which acts by inhibiting serotonin reuptake in the brain. The structure below is related to prozac. Circle all of the chiral carbons.

On the structure above, draw in any changes that occur when the prozac-related compound is treated with acid.

2. Explain why aspartic acid is water-soluble while phenylalanine is water-insoluble. Refer to back page for structures.

3. Draw the Fischer projection of D-fructose.

Is this a reducing sugar? _____

4. Draw the straight chain projection of glyceraldehyde.

Is this a reducing sugar? ________

5. Write the b-Haworth projection for the first carbohydrate on the bare structure on the right. Write a ketohexose in the box. Draw the a-Haworth projection for the ketohexose.

Put a STAR next to the carbon in the furanose structure that is the chiral carbon.

6. Draw the b(1-->4) linkage between the two carbohydrates structures shown below.

If a third carbohydrate unit was added to the right end of this disaccharide, would it add through an alpha or a beta (1-->4) linkage? _______

7. Explain why a triglyceride cannot function as well as a phospholipid on the outside wall of a lipid bilayer (with or without embedded proteins).

8. Draw the structure of the phospholipid composed of capric acid, CH₃(CH₂)₈COOH, and palmitoleic acid, CH₃(CH₂)₅-CH=CH-(CH₂)₇COOH.

9. Below is an example of a lipid. Decide in which class of lipid it belongs. The possible answers are triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, steroids, and prostaglandins.
 
 

10. Under what conditions would active transport of potassium ions, K⁺, from the cell into the blood stream be occurring? Be specific in your answer and include information that would distinguish active transport from facilitated diffusion, by mentioning concentrations inside and outside of the cell and the fluid mosaic model.

11. Draw a triglyceride using the fatty acid or acids of your choice. Then, show the result of treating your triglyceride with an excess of NaOH.

12. The following section asks you to compare boiling points or solubilities between compounds with similar molecular weights. Write the word "HIGHER" or "LOWER" in the blank provided.

Triethylamine boils _________ than ethylmethylamine.

Hexanoic acid boils _________ than hexanone.

Ethanol boils _________ than formic acid.

1-propanol boils _________ methyl formate.

Hexane has a _________ water solubility than pentanone.

Triethylamine has a _________ water solubility than heptanal.

13. In the following reactions, a compound is mixed with either acid or base. Show the chemical formula for how the compound would exist under the indicated conditions. Be sure to shown positive and negative signs clearly and to give counter-ions when possible.

CH₃CH₂COOH ----------->

C₆H₅NH₂ ----------->

14. In each of the following reactions hydrolysis is occurring. Show the correct and complete chemical formula for the how the products appear after the reactions have gone to completion.